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The participation of Arab and Egyptian scientists in the development of physics and engineering.
Md. Wasim Aktar
Deptt of Agril Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra. Viswavidyalaya Krishi, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Muslim scientists are deeply fundamental questions of physics. For example, did Ibn Sina-depth studies of phenomena such as force and motion. Light, heat, vacuum, etc.. Was making great progress in theoretical and applied mechanics. Practical Work in the field of mechanics in finish wheels, axles, pulley, rod, inclined plane. Wind turbines, water wheels, teeth, etc. physicist and astronomer al - Khazini a book on mechanics. Hydrostatics and physics, a Kitab al - Mizan Hikmah (Book of the Balance of Wisdom). This is a medieval work on the most prominent of them. It makes the theory of the force of attraction in the world. (Gravity), addressed to the international force to the center of the universe at that time, which should be the center of the world. It includes a table of specific gravity of many liquids and solids. (Depending on the work of the Messiah Biruni.), And the history of the subject; gravity the air, comments on the use of capillarity. Hydrometer to measure the density and the overall temperature of the liquid application of the theory of the lever to adjust the balance and measuring time. been published analysis of excerpts from the book. In Arabic and English. (1).
In this book, the top al - Khazini others stressed the need to remove possible effects of temperature variations in the weighting. When Al Khazini another study. He will probably be as a precursor to Galileo.
Al - Khazini full name Abul Fath'Abd al - Rahman. Al - Mansur al - Khazini (or al - Khazin) thrive on it from 1115 to 1121 he was a slave (Rumi), the Greek master of his 'Ali. al - Al Khazin - Marwazi place for the scientific study of them in Al Marv - Khazin compiled astronomical tables called Al. Zij al - al - Sinjari Mu'tabar (Table respect Sinjaric) that is called after. Sinjar Impact Impact Malikshah Alp Arsalan governor and later the Sultan of Khurasan (1097-1098 to 1157-1158), their positions Stars for years. 1115-1116.
Before Al Khazini, Umar al - Khayyam was the greatest work in the lead. Ibn Sina and Al - Razi contributed to the theory of equilibrium Banu Musa (son of Moses), the prosperity in the reign of the Caliph al. Ma'mun, write a lot of mechanical work. Work in which the amount referred to. Farastün 'Or' Qarastun them is attributed. Al - Razi is (D. 923-24) called Check-in date Gravity Balance by using hydrostatic balance. al - al Mizan - Tabi'i (physical Balance) (2).
Muhammad. Ibn'Ali Ibn al - Khurasani Rustam is a famous clock, and so he called Al. Sa'ati (watchmaker), 1146-1169, was he arranged in a Clock. Bab Jairün (often called 'Bab al - Sa'ah door of the Clock) Al -. Sa'äti for its Clock until his death from 1184 to 1185 (3).
Another mechanic of the century Muslim. 13, Abul - Isa Ibn Razzaz Ismael (son of Rice Trader.) Badi'al - Zaman al - Jazari he was using 577-578 601-602 AH 1181-1182 to AC 1205-1206, the ruler Urtuqid. Of Diyar Bakr Al-Jazirah district writes a book about his knowledge of mechanical devices geometric rights Kitab al - ma'rifat Fi. Hiyal al - devoted Handsiyyah Urtuqid Nasir al - Din Mahmud (parents. 1200-1222) to deal primarily with hydraulic systems. (Elepsydras, springs, etc.), this important work interesting from a technical. View, and represents the best work of Arabic mechanics applications. It is divided into six sections. The first part related to different types elepsydras identified by the same or a temporary hours are the most important. Muslims divided in 24 hours per day as well. Instead, they used a different type of division. You break every day and night into twelve hours, varies depending on the length of season with this kind of hours were used by Christians in Europe such as Italy through the middle of the century. 18.
This book has been translated. In Germany and criticism of them was written (4).
Son Ridwan Al - Sä'ãti of repair and better all the Time and also wrote the book for the construction and operation described. This book is an important source of education of Muslims from the clock. Ridwan is a mechanic doctors and poets, and the knowledge the literature and music. He played flute, but he is old. Khurasan was appointed by the Registrar. Ayyubi Prince Al-Faiz Ibrahim and his brother. al - Mu'azzam ISA Ridwan wrote his Book supplements. Ibn Sina on the vines and see the Qanun. (Cannon) of his (5).
Qaisar Ibn Abul - Qasim, Egyptian mathematicians. Astronomer († 1251 AC), World a paradise. He can make improvements on the water or make mill wheel - to improve the water type of the wheel is still under water. Orontes, and the glories of the heart. He created this water wheels. (Naura) for al - Muzzaffar al - Taqi al - Din Mahmud, the ruler of the heart. 1229-1244 AC (6).
Philosopher Abu al - Nasr Farabi refutes Existence of a vacuum. He wrote an essay about the amazing flexibility. Weather it is a piece of the beginning of the study. (7).
Muslim scholars to find out the specific gravity of various interested message Ibn'Ali Sanad, the ninth century under investigation, scientists, the specific gravity Al - Biruni of 18 specific Weight of precious stones and precious metals. Ibn Sina and Al - Razi also researching this topic.
Ibn Yunus († 1009 AC) used a pendulum to measure time. Al - Biruni machines planned in the Roman calendar. He created for use in the mosque of Ghazni Imam of the mosque, but denied it saying that it depends on a non-Muslim. Here Al - Biruni is very annoying. He said the timing is purely secular. It is not whether the Islamic calendar, Muslim or not follow. Convenience only. Should be considered be.
Al - Biruni makes reference to a kind of a hole by the screw to a level where water is the pressure that comes in this case, since the pressure pushing up the natural Sources. It accurately describes the action of the holes in principle. Communication Boot (8).
Muslims developed the techniques of bathing. You create steam, called Hammam. (From the Arabic root meaning Hamm heating). When the Crusaders came to Eastern Europe and experience the comfort of their bath, they take them to their home countries.
The first Muslim command of the needles magnetic properties to the direction of their journey while traveling in the sea. Chinese were first discovered this feature. Trade between the sea is very important for Muslims in the south of the needle than the northern one, as is done today. This may be because in some places such as Syria and Asia Minor pointed south to Mecca. Therefore, the needle is now general direction of the Qiblah for the first time in the west compass. All of this is used by Italian sailors. Some Muslims refer to in their letter Compass. For example Bailak al - Qabajaqi get in his letter. Kanz al - AHJA describes the use of floats. Witness in L242 Compass - 43 (9).
"Muslims are the first, and artillery guns and explosives to be invented. In their object of this invention is to throw balls at enemies from afar. Sodium nitrate, in Chinese only used. But through the power of explosives was discovered and used. Only the Muslims. Historians usually the safest of all weapons used in war to write. Cressi, but from the writings of many Muslims find that the weapon had been used long ago. One of these fonts you with just that name. Some Ya'qub in 602 AH (AC 1205), African cities included. Mehdra under the control of the rebel leader he is and Attack the wall with the help of arms and sounding machine. Of all the computers the shower of stones and large fireball.
Guidance of Ibn Khaldun in "given his history of the Berber use the gun can be seen as a war, he wrote "Abu Yusuf, the Sultan of Morocco. Enclosed in 672 AH (1273 AC) Sijilmasa city he built a siege against the city. Manjneeq These tools, with bits include Urawe Handam and steel were cast. These bits are packed in boxes. Handam and explosives behind them were set on fire. Its effect is strange and its effects, the actions are called by Allah. One day, with stones thrown by Manjneeq as part of the wall and made the attack occurred in the city. (10).
Muslim development. Science the lens. Ibn al - Haitham (Alhazen in Latin) is part of this amazing science. Of course, he began with a modern lens. Before Ibn al - Haitham It is generally assumed. Greek, Roman and Muslim scholars that the radiation emitted from the eyes to the objects of vision. Plato suggests that a different set of visible radiation from the object emitted. Alexandrians believed that the vision of the eye lens. Ibn Sina and al - Biruni also believe that the beam from the object to the eye are Aristotle's ideas of very modern ideas to close. Atomistic theory atomistic collected Hunain Ibn Ishaq in his work on "questions about the eyes" is used much like the theory of Plato. In his Opinion. Is the center of the lens to see the organ. Both are visible from the brain and the image of an object has been from outside the lens. Al - Razi in a document in his Nature. Vision shows that the eye does not emit light. (11).
Ibn al - Haitham change the view by the argument that the original. Objects visible radiation pass them to the eyes and not the reverse process. Most of his successors do not agree with his perspective. But Al - Biruni and Ibn Sina and completely agree with him. Ibn al - Haitham resolve the problem of light on the basis of mathematical knowledge of his time.
Ibn al - Haitham this many layers of different types of issues as the structure of the eye. Optical illusion, perspective, camera and binocular vision, outline and shadow colors. catoptrics dioptrics old and new development. Camera Obscura, the problem of Alhazen Mirages, comets. Milky Way, rainbow, halos, etc..
Ibn al - Haitham catoptrics research on a problem as Alhazen known problem of the following: -.
"From two points in the plane of the circle in the drawings. The conference at the perimeter and at an angle equal to the normal point '. This leads to orange, the fourth degree. Ibn al - Haitham solved by cutting a circle hyperbola He also called Al-solution. Mahani's cubic equation.
Ibn al - Haitham progress is marked. In experimental techniques. He did research on glass beads and curved, spherical and Abnormal dioptrics he noted that the relationship between the angle of incidence and reflection can He did not describe the constant drone of the lens and the light refraction in the atmosphere. He noted that the twilight only hear or begins, when is the sun. 19 ° below the horizon and tried. To measure the height of the atmosphere on the basis that he was a better description of eyes and eyesight. He tried to explain Binocular vision cameras and a valid description clearer. The size of the sun and the moon is near the horizon, he gave the first mathematical treatment of the "obscura. Camera '.
He told about the problem now at least seven subjects such as anatomy, physiology and psychology, mathematical physics, astronomy, meteorology
The full name of Ibn al - Abu'Ali Haitham Ibn Muhammad al - Hasan. Ibn Al - Haitham He is a native of Basra and was born in 354 AH. (AC 965), he moved to Egypt, where he lived until his death. He is a man of honor and talents with science knowledge of many, he is the greatest mathematician of his time, is a Measure of the greatest spectacles in history. He has good experience in medicine and Arabic. When the Caliph al - Hakim Bi - Amrillah was much like philosophy. Heard about Ibn al - Haitham his best wishes to see him. Al - Hakim was informed that Ibn al - Haitham said: "If he is in Egypt, was something he could in the context of the Nile. have done. This is useful in cases such as. The water level is high or low by Ibn al - Haitham the water fell into the river from a height are in the area of Egypt. Reported hearing Al - Hakim was more than the likes of the meeting. Ibn al - Haitham Al this -. Hakim sent a lot of money for him and persuade him to come to court his Ibn al - Haitham left Egypt. When he reached near Cairo. Al - Hakim, to him, they found near the village. Bab al - Westphalia (Cairo door) Al - Hakim honored him for his equipment, and asked him to follow his contract with the Nile. A group of workers is intended to help him in his plan. When Ibn al - Haitham survey of the site and (come today. Shalal) to the place called "Janadil", in the near Aswan ground floor, he recognized the problems. Find are not fulfilled his contract, He is now afraid he was ashamed. al - Hakim to eliminate his people and he was in a state of madness and insanity and death. al - Hakim and he comes to his feelings and decisions in Qubbah door Jami'ah Al - Azhar, and was committed to writing. He died in 1038th
Ibn al - Haitham is the author of many He summarized the work of Aristotle. And write on them. He also explained the work of many physicians. Galen wrote about his work in mathematics and physics. 15 and in metaphysics and physics. In 44 of his books, including On the one tree and one of the properties of simple and compound drugs. (12).
Kitab al - Manazir His (light Dictionary). Is one of the leaders. Classical Influence scientific thinking for more than six centuries. Latin, Hebrew and Muslim writers such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Witelo, Ahmad Ibn Idris al-Qarafi, Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi, Levi Ben Gerson as a result of their work in this great book.
Ibn Sina was a deep study of the light, he noted that if the light from the Outflow of the arrangement of the particles emitted are some of the light source, the speed of light. Ltd. (13) Al - Biruni observed that the speed of light much greater as The Sound (14).
Nasir al - Din al - Tusi wrote two books on the lens. One of them is justified. Mabahith Al - Fi In'ikãs wa al Shu'a'at In'itafiha (research on reflection and refraction of light). There is evidence of equality in the angle of incidence and reflection.
kitab Tahrir with the other title Al -. Manãzir in the preface the author says that the objects because light rays. Of them late, but everything happens as if the rays emerged. Out of sight of us (15).
Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi (d. 1311), one of the biggest in the scientists of all time, his perspective on the lens in his astronomical work . Offer In a work entitled "al nihayat - Fi Dirãyat Idrak al - Aflak (maximum understanding of knowledge Spheres). He said the question of the geometric Optics and the nature of vision, the last rainbow He was the first to be satisfied. Account of the rainbow from his description of the rainbow are on his studies of light through the transparent Ball-based. (Water drops), he discovered that the rainbow will happen. If the rays are reflected and refracted twice again. (Or in the case of a secondary tunic Rainbow.) In a humid atmosphere (16).
Another physicist and mathematician of the century. 14 Kamal al - Din Abul - Hasan al - Farisi he wrote the book "Tanqih. al - Manazir (corrective lenses), the opinion is a complex and original. Ibn al - Haitham's Kitab al - Manãzir (Book of optics). It covers not only. But the physical and physiological lens. But meteorology. View, and many other topics. These observations are in terms of the series. The colors, etc..
Kamal al - Din recommended Use of hyperboloidal lens. To avoid anomalies sphere. He gave an account of refraction. George Sarton, as this statement shows the following facts, the speed of light. Limited, but very well with the speed of light in different media is inversely proportional to the density of light. (Not true with the density of the material). The second these facts should be glossy compared to the wave theory of light with the theory. corpuscular.
Kamal al - Din the number of trials in connection with the camera obscura and and improvement of the initiative by Ibn al - Haitham, he found the image on the screen in a dark room with a narrow beam of light through the hole. Do not rely on the form ho1e and the smaller holes, sharp images. It shows that the image of the object of much happening on the screen separately. But the picture changes and the direction. Reversed using to observe the camera eclipses and the movement of clouds and birds. (17).
Al - Hasan al - Rammah (Lancer) Najm al - Din al - Ahadab (Hunchback), in the military written. They thrive in Syria, he wrote two treatises on the art of riding and the art of war. (1) Kitab al - Furusiyah wal Munasab al - Harbiyah (expert in horse riding and stratagems of war), (2) wal al - Su'ul Nihayat'Umniya Fi Ta'allum al - al - Furusiyah A'mal.
The first letter of the military agreements to the military. How to use spears, bows, siege weapons and how the naval power and communication, etc. It has many formulas fireworks. Al - Hasan nitrate compounds based pyrotechnics He described the method of preparation and purification. By the way, and potash. Crystallizations. Duplicate
In the opinion of George Sarton. More importantly, it may seem, for nitrate as an impurity. hygroscopic, and tend to destroy value. In the discovery and use of nitrate is one thing. Paid in another (18).
Muslims improved teaching the art of shipbuilding. Mediterranean seamen to sail a boat or leaves caravels (garaf) to pore filling their boats with tar yet known. In Romance gatran languages from Arabic names (goudron FR, IT. caltrame) Sails and management of the cable. (Habl AR.) (19).
Reference: -.
1 A1 - Khazini, 'Abd al - Rahman, "Mizan al - Hikmah, Deccan. Hyderabad, 1359 AH, p. 1-170.
2 Al - Qifti, 'Ali Ibn Yusuf, Tarikh al - Hukama, Leipzig, 1903, p. 271
3 George. Sarton, Introduction to the history of science. Carneige Institute of Washington, 1951, Volume I, p. 632
4 Ibid., P 631st
5 Ibid., 632nd
6 Ibid., Vol II, Part II, p. 623rd
7 Al - Qifti, supra, S 277th.
8 Sarton, op cit., I, p. 707
9 Ibid.,. Year II, Part I, p. 24
10 Balgirami, 'Ali, Tamaddun - E - Arabs, (Urdu translation French work Lebon), Hyderabad Deccan, p 441st
11 Ibid., I, p. 609th
12 Ibid.. p 721st
13 Ismael Pasha al - Baghdadi, Hadiyyah Arifin - al, Istanbul. 1951, vol II, p. 66
14 Sarton, op cit., P 707th
15 Ibid., P 709-713.
16 Ibid. Volume II, Part II, p 1009th
17 Ibid., P 1018th
18 Cf. Volume III, Front 707 Al - Farisi, Kamal al - Din, Tãnqih Manazir - al, Decean Hyderabad, India
19 Sarton, op cit., Year II, Part II, p. 1039th
20 Briffault, Robert. Making of mankind Islamic Book Foundation. 1980, p. 205
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