Thermal Paste Compound
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US $2.69
Green energy - solar, so
A preliminary
In the minds of most people. "Target =" _blank "title. =" Notebook Battery for Fujitsu. LifeBook T4220> T4220, Fujitsu Battery is a clean source of energy when using lamps. television, refrigerator, air conditioners and other Household appliances. Others, we may not realize the power of environmental damage. Coal for power generation in actual damage to the environment is important. China Now the power of the world's greenhouse gas emissions than conventional power generation from coal, petroleum, natural gas power generation in China has become carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Other, one of the major sources of emissions. It is also much coal combustion emissions of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide. If we use the original. Our power is in the Did indirectly cause, because we just created a new demand for power supply and thus indirectly on the environment caused by pollution. At the same time we have. Victims of Pollution.
21st Century Man to the cause of social and economic development at Fujitsu's face. Sustainable LifeBook T5010 battery, a key challenge. Limited Resources and environmental protection under the strict requirements of the job. Limited to two economic development has become a hot spot in the world. Energy issues are more. Remarkable Lack of energy in most countries of the world's lack of power can not meet the needs of their economic development. In the long run the world's proven oil reserves. Can only be used in 2020. Natural gas can last only until 2040, or even if reserves are sufficient coal resources can play a role. Ersanbainian only
While the combustion of coal, oil and other fossil fuels. Each year several hundred thousand tons of sulfur and other pollutants. Other voices heaven, the atmosphere seriously polluted the environment, directly affect the health of residents and quality of life, the formation of acid rain in some areas of heavy pollution Soil and water. The use of fossil fuels in large quantities of greenhouse gases. As a result of greenhouse gas emissions; Due to global climate change. This problem was a global agenda of international organizations related to many meetings and discussions FPCBP95 Co., FPCBP95ap, FPCBP155 of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. So the question of energy from person to sustainable development can rely on science and technology reach. Progress in the development of a large and clean and renewable energies.
Solar energy reserves of the "not natural. Limit, radiation is energy per second, about 1.6 × 1023KW, within one year from the solar surface as well as the world standard coal equivalent of about 1.892 × 1013 100 billion tons of proven world reserves of energy, ten thousand times. Compounds with the general nature of Power. Co., Solar energy reserves, "No. Limited nature of the" inexhaustible for other energy sources. Solar power for most areas in the world with the existence a universal. The ability to be retrieved. This is normal. The lack of power in the region and solve the energy problems of the target groups. Solar energy is clean energy, Wind. Energy, tidal and so on. Each VGP - BPS2 clean energy sources such as the development. And use the time not produce almost no pollution. The economy in two Species are used to the efficiency of the use of solar energy view First Solar inexhaustible But while embracing the PV did not set any "tax" which can be accessed anywhere. 2 is the current state of technological development and use of solar energy is not only possible and feasible. In view of this structure will convert solar energy is considered the world's heavy responsibility you to alternative energy sources.
2 solar cell
No. 50 1 of the advent of practical silicon solar cells Solar technology. Open the curtains, but also a new chapter for human use of solar energy. Because of the solar cell. Area 70-60 years in soil applications. PV technologies are developing rapidly. Since 1990 the global market for the sale of photovoltaic solar cells. With an average annual increments. 16%, VGP BPS2A, VGP - BPS2B current capacity as well. 800MW, representing 20 million households in the U.S. annual energy consumption. 1997, increased worldwide sales of solar cells. 40%, at the fastest growing energy source in the world.
2.1 Effect of solar technology issues.
Large applications of solar cells, the biggest factor is the high cost of production compromising. Technology for power generation solar cells. PV is still the most expensive model to the development of technologies to generate electricity. The main objective of the sun through improved production processes in the structural design of new batteries and the development of new battery materials to reduce production costs and more. Other power conversion efficiency of Light In the past year shows the trend of development in the solar industry. The development of the property. VGP - BPS2A, VGP - BPL2: increased production efficiency of conversion. Reduction the costs of implementing expanded. In 1998, export solar world. 150MW, more than double, from 1994. Monocrystalline. Silicon solar cells have an average performance. 15% efficiency in the laboratory. 24.4% silicon solar cell efficiency. polycrystalline to 14% most effective. 19.8% of the stability of silicon solar cells that are not carried out a single course junction have. Laboratory 6 ~ 9% of the most effective. 12% multi-junction cells of 8 ~ 10%, the highest efficiency in the laboratory. 11.83%.
Recently, the Federal Institute of Technology University. m × Gretzer development of titanium dioxide solar cells Photoelectric conversion rates as high as. 33% of success in introducing organic material to replace the Amorphous minerals,. Cheaper than the large glass-like. Improve your comfort and convenience of use. It is expected a significant advance in Technology and market expansion, costs of solar cells. "Target =" _blank "title. =" Laptop battery. SONY VAIO - BPL2C> cells VGP - BPL2C Sony will be greatly reduced. Can be concluded in 2010 due to the reduction of the cost of solar energy. Cell technology is expected to solar cells during development to make large.
2.2 The development of solar technology. Other.
In recent years around the solar battery. Material efficiency and security issues, including Solar cell technology has developed rapidly. Crystalline silicon solar cell research is a high-performance silicon cells. . Monocrystalline Low-cost silicon cells. Restrictions in polycrystalline silicon, monocrystalline solar cells with efficiency of the main VGP - Technical BPS8 obstructions such as VGP bps8a. Shaded surface mesh cells. Impact; Loss the surface reflectivity; Loss of Light bringing the loss of substance, the loss of surface recombination.
To solve these problems last year Development. The number of new technologies. Others include, above all, single-layer anti-reflective film, laser technology groove carved doors embedded cable technology. Suede; backup point to overcome. Surface of the goal line shading problem, technology reflects a powerful technique for absorption. The new technologies are invented a new form. Significantly improved battery life. Conversion efficiency of solar cells. VGP bps8b such as tanks laser etched lines carved doors and new technologies. Each, of high purity solar cells crystalline silicon energy conversion efficiency. Up to 24.4%.
Manoth nature of the development of a thin-film solar cell technology, solar cells make significant progress in a variety of new solar cells. Emergency crystalline silicon solar cell energy conversion efficiency can be higher. But the costs for which it is difficult to come by, while reducing the thin-film solar cell production costs. Large attractive opportunity. Several years ago the use of multi-layer film. VGP - BPL8 structures, materials, low-grade silicon, the cost of solar energy per cent fall. 80, 1o year expected to make the technology commercially.
And the development of efficient new solar cells to reduce the cost of solar energy is the way back to work last year. Some new high-performance batteries next to it. .
Iron, copper selenide (CuInSe2, CIS) thin-film solar cell VGP bpl8a: 1974 Battery in the U.S. CIS. In 1993, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the actual power conversion efficiency of 16.7% because of the low-cost solar cells. CIS (layer thickness of silicon-specific. 1 / 100), increase, the space bar, the efficiency. (30% of the theoretical value of single crystal. polycrystalline 24%) and not a decrease in exposure to radiation-induced protection. And so on. all countries can compete better for research and development and to explore a wide range of mass-production techniques.
Silicon - Si tandem solar cell structure: Adoption of the - Si materials and the gap. Cascading, effective use the wavelength of light. Conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells. The cells are a good way. Low cost, low energy. VGP - BPS9 process, VGP - BPS9 / b small, cheap and efficient, and more. Other.
Chemical epitaxy (CBE) to produce multi-junction technology. III - V compounds solar cells: material. III - V (eg GaAs, InP) efficiently convert electricity from high light. These materials can it with the multi-layer solar cell conversion. Efficiency up to 35% or more. Multi-layer structure, making it easier use the law. CBE, and reduce costs with a special performance.
Large solar battery. nano -: M 1991, a research team led by Switzerland. Dr. Graetzel, aqueous layer nano powder - TiO2 and a variety of organic dyes and transition metal glass and other materials. In the manufacture of ceramics. Pigment called nano-solar cell Battery calculations show that the efficiency by as much as can be produced for 12% of the low cost VGP - BPS9 / s, VGP - BPS9A Battery The battery is designed for large parts of the Outer surface of the building with panoramic views used.
3 Development of solar cells.
The progress of solar cells could out of them. Performance indicators Price. Export, etc., to evaluate the performance of solar cells with open circuit voltage, short circuit current, enter the photoelectric efficiency factors to the top. The most important indicator is the photoelectric efficiency is all about the efficiency of light energy into electrical energy.
Silicon solar cells and solar cells. Main is in two main categories be divided. BPS9A VGP - B / semiconductor solar cells. The following are described separately.
3.1 silicon solar cells.
Silicon is the second most common element the earth. But also non-toxic to the manufacturer of high performance solar cells is therefore most suitable for the production of semiconductor materials, solar cell in 1997 exports from the world of solar cells. 120 MW, of which more than 99% of the silicon solar cell using silicon solar cells can be in silicon, silicon can be divided. polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells. VGP - BPL9, VGP - BPS10 three cell types.
And a silicon cell. polycrystalline mono-crystalline silicon solar cells.
Polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline. Silicon solar cell type. P - (or n - type) silicon surface by the phosphorus (or b) the distribution of P / N junction and receiving mono-crystalline. Silicon solar cells. Performance during the life of a great work. But the cost is high and crystal size is limited to a single region of a single cell difficult, a relatively large to make size of the head. 10 ~ 20 cm of the wafer silicon cell performers. . Polycrystalline Polycrystalline silicon, metal cutting, less expensive than silicon cells. , Monocrystalline individual cells can also be done right. VGP - BPS10 / b, VGP - BPS10 / s large (eg 30 cm x 30 cm square pieces), but because of complex factors such as grain boundaries is less efficient than silicon cells.
These silicon. . Monocrystalline And polycrystalline silicon battery. Research focusing on the following.
(1) passivation buried surface electrodes confidential. The rear door has room to optimize power consumption and electrode contacts in order to reduce the loss of the image - support material to improve of services that improve the performance of solar cells. The cells of the University of South Wales, Australia, laboratory Green - Pro using these methods to current silicon solar cells under AM1.5 global recognition 24% of the maximum bps10a VGP - vgp-bps10a/befficiency.
(2) taken great pictures from the movie anti-China. Embossed surface Electrode with high yield, a way to reduce the reflection and transmission, the loss of efficiency of solar cells.
(3) the growth direction of silicon metal solidification process . Polycrystalline Instead of casting silicon Positive about returning the money aluminum paste screen printing set up to date to improve silicon. Grinding, polishing and other processes do everything to reduce costs. To improve the efficiency of solar cells. Now the largest weight. VGP - bpl10 metal, silicon, up more than 270 kg
(4) Thin-film silicon cells, which are strong. R & D, the calculation shows that if the metal-ceramic glass surface from low-cost has been prepared. Thickness 30 ~ 50? M large Silicon. . Polycrystalline High-quality thin film solar cell manufacturing process and simply to the costs reduced. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin film. Solar cells will become a hot spot.
Single crystals and solar cells. . Polycrystalline Silicon is now the world export year to approximately 120MW efficiency silicon solar cells maximum. 18% ~ 24% of aerospace high-quality solar cells in AMO under the terms of the performance goes. 13.5% ~ 18%, while land used for the mass production of solar cells. In most of the AM1 11% ~ 18% PCGA - BP1N, Sony PCGA - BP2E. Or so.
Two amorphous silicon solar cells.
Meanwhile, the absorption coefficient of silicon, amorphous, so great and therefore not some Elephant silicon solar cells in general, the thickness of the silicon film only. 1-2 m? Since silicon or polycrystalline silicon thickness monocrystalline Cells (0.5 mm or so). 1 / 500, so the resource consumption and production of silicon cells, amorphous.
Amorphous silicon solar cells are usually methods such as radio frequency used. to decompose the silane glow emissions. (SiH4) deposits. Accumulation at low temperature due to decomposition. (200? Or so) to keep the use of energy production costs to decrease. Relatively low and this method is suitable for mass production of single cell area is a lot to do. (For example 0.5mX1.0m), refined beauty. Features of the Sony VGP - BP2EA again PCGA - BP2NX cell, silicon, amorphous. Blu - ray response to the great general who work under fluorescent lights, it is generally considered electronic calculators and computers used on Palm. Electricity with the use of an estimated 10 million per month. These advantages of amorphous silicon solar cells in the area. 10 years to get a quick pace of development and a year. 1997 World production is estimated at more than 30MW.
Si, due to instability and internal structure a large number of atoms of hydrogen deposits at the light. Affect fatigue (Staebler Wronski effect) to the stability of amorphous silicon solar cells for long-term Problems. More than 10 years after the experiment, at the same time improving the study. But does not solve the problem completely as a source of power is not volume
Amorphous silicon on crystalline silicon because of the lack of atoms arranged in a deficit rules of nature. to facilitate Intersection pn /, tunneling current is often a special show. Yin will produce no road to ratification is not in a position to solar cells. Sony PCGA - BP2R, Sony PCGA cell - BP2S the properties of the diode is good to be in the class. p-and n-layers thick, between the inside of me, so that added shortly Amorphous silicon solar cells are often pin structure. For improvement.
Improve the efficiency and stability, and sometimes took a pen. / Pin / pin structure multi-layer coating, such as batteries or insert a thin buffer layer.
Amorphous silicon solar cell Research is now focused on the improvement of the amorphous film. Is to reduce the density of the defect thickness precision of the structures of power and control to the connection between layers to improve the changes of government to achieve high efficiency and high stability.
Today, the isolated individual cells from amorphous silicon can be most successful. PCGA - BP2SA performance PCGA - BP2T approximately 14.6%, a large number of production can be achieved. 8% ~ 10% maximum efficiency of a battery stack can be accessed. 21.0%.
3.2 semiconductor solar cell
In the field of semiconductor solar cells. Current research and applications more CAAs and CuInSe2 InP CdTe solar cell is a semiconductor or less toxic and easier to cause environmental pollution. Therefore, the low production PCGA - BP2V level. PCGA - BP3T Sony tend to use some special occasions.
A GaAs solar cell
Potassium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells high efficiency in the laboratory are used to more than 24% efficiency of solar cells is usually in the region. 18% ~ 19.5% for GaAs solar cells can be used in most current. Algorithm liquid epitaxy or metal organic vapor coating technology. (MOCVD) production costs are high, so that the product obtained. Limited reduce costs and increase productivity has become. Oriented GaAs solar cells are now mainly used in space vehicles.
Current Silicon single crystal preparation technology is mature and the price is silicon. Surface to technology for production of MOCVD GaAs heteroepitaxial. Solar cells to reduce the cost of Solar cells that are likely. GaAs current efficiency of the battery. 20%, but GaAs and Si-crystal lattice constant related to the quality of growth is greater recommended. epitaxial, epitaxial PCGA - BP4V "target =" _blank "title =." laptop battery. SONY PCGA - BP505> Sony PCGA - BP505 fatal Layer lattice mismatch is difficult to maintain quality. Advanced epitaxial To do this, often start the growth of the Si surface with the difference between the GaAs lattice constant small crystals. Ge buffer layer and growth layers. epitaxial GaAs, such as Si / Ge / GaAs heteroepitaxial. The structure of the battery development. Check the thickness of the layer Changes in the architecture right, the photons of light are allowed use different wavelengths efficiently. A multi-layer structure of the cell performance. GaAs - based Solar nearly 40%.
2. InP solar cells: solar indium. Phosphide effective radiation protection particularly well. Therefore, interest in using space efficiently to current battery. 17% ~ 19%.
3.CuInSe2 polycrystalline. Thin-film solar cells: The performance of the VGP - BPL1, battery VGP - BPL4 as Sony has up to about 17.6% and a solid performance thin Film battery. polycrystalline hope, but more complex processing elements. Reproduce the effects of poverty and development.
In addition, CdS / CdTe solar cell Of efficiency. 15.8%, but the battery is toxic and easy to impact on the environment. Pollution
4 Application of solar cells.
Satellite Communication Systems often have different scenes. The use of solar and battery power in the water. Stars in the use of batteries to the satellite. In the past, the abundance of silicon solar cells photochemical V Square. Currently, silicon solar cell efficiency up to. 15%, but the battery will not be able to meet the needs of a large platform now in development and to fulfill the use of solar cells. GaAs-GaAs solar cell current efficiency. By 18% in the general junction GaAs solar cells up to two. 21-23% battery efficiency is not alone. But VGP - Sony VGP BPL4A radiation field - to resist high temperatures BPL5A. Junction GaAs solar cells is currently developing a number of efficiency, it is expected to be on. 30% to the performance of solar cells to the matrix to maximize. There is currently using the sun's energy to obtain the head, the amount of solar energy for solar constant increase of more than an increase in batteries last communication satellites used nickel-cadmium. been developed with the growing power of the satellite with nickel-metal hydride. Battery Ni - MH battery as nickel-cadmium the depth of the depth distribution. Larger than the capacity.
In "Deep Space 1 probe planetary reality. Air Force Research Laboratory at the six key technology the means.
A solar light. Phalanx The future of solar cells that will use the structure of connected parts cable cut off. Solar cells with plastic hinge. The use of thin-film solar cells VGP - BPL11 Sony VGP - BPL12 power per kilogram weight of 116 watts, while the existing systems for multi-W 40-50 - Junction Thin-Film PV Solar Battery is easy to start a table in Light orbit structure "smart" can be automated to reduce the effects of vibration and heat.
2 Flexible power supply integrated systems and signals. to deliver the power vacuum coating technology and flexible thin-film battery components and solar cell barrier to the bus connected to several satellite formats. Batteries have the flexibility to install the other subsystems. Round.
3 Structural multifunction printer.
4 Ultra - High-density circuits.
5 System Micro - mechanical power.
6 large light illumination.
United States 24 ตุลาคม 1998 release, "Deep Space 1 probe planet solar cells with light treatments. This matrix is actually a solar cell. 13% of the surface is covered with solar film. Filler 720 lens surface with a linear array of lenses filling up all the sun for these batteries. A battery is low and VGP - BPL13, lens, battery, Sony VGP - BPL14 flash of glass and solar cells to reduce the weight matrix, and the price is cheaper than the price. "The Deep One", 2.6 kW has finger phalanges four solar cell the size 1.1mx1.6m to increase to 58 kg weight capacity in the area of radiation protection, the battery on the thick glass. Was made, there are two Solar cells themselves, they can be stacked together. 0.4? M ~ 0.85 m? Within the spectrum of high energy conversion efficiency. 22% or more than expected. Disadvantages of solar cells, it means a bit less space. Each bit errors, the batteries are almost Inspiron 6000 battery down.
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Thermal compound for GPU affected?
Hello people, Can you help me with my question below? I am using the BFG Tech 9600GT OC Edition It is fast. 1 year old, and the temperature is not in use. 70C (load around 80 - 90C). Since I decided to use thermal grease it again. The brand is PcCooler heat placed A1. It cuts down on the availability and 65C. 80C under load. But I'll be sure to comment and found to have better thermal compound like AS5, very cold, etc. If I above. reduce the thermal compound that How can my temps, please give your comments and insights. Thank you!
There are many people better. But hard to say, much lower than would have been. temps Arctic Cooling MX -. 3 is one of the best on the market. Be sure to remove the remains of the old thermal compound. On the graphics card and cooler. Can also benefit from real clean dust from the cold. Remember to put the heat of the burning time. They are the very much better after a few hundred hours.
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